Effect of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Infectious Complications in Patients with Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Undergoing Urologic Surgery / Efecto de la profilaxis antibiótica sobre las complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes con bacteriuria asintomática programados a cirugía urológica

Objectives To identify the effect of duration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) and other variables on infectious postsurgical complications in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) undergoing urological surgery. Methods We conducted an observational study of a cohort of patients with ASB scheduled for urologic surgery at three health service providers in Colombia. The study population comprised all patients with planned urologic surgery who had ASB prior to surgery from April 2018 to January 2019. The intervention evaluated was the duration of preoperative SAP, and the outcome variable was the development of any postoperative infectious complications for up to 30 days after the procedure. Results The present study included 184 patients with ASB scheduled for urologic surgery. The median duration of preoperative SAP (p = 0.49) or of 1 dose SAP (risk ratio [RR] = 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45­3.39) were not statistically different in patients with postsurgical infectious complications. Infectious complications were more frequent among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (RR = 6.57; 95%CI: 1.98­21.76) and hospitalization in the preceding 3 months (RR = 8.32; 95%CI: 2.69­25.71). Conclusion One dose of antimicrobial therapy is sufficient to avoid infectious complications in patients with ASB. There were other factors associated with postsurgical infectious complications, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and hospitalization in the preceding 3 months.

Objetivos Identificar el efecto de la duración de la profilaxis antibiótica quirúrgica (PAQ) y otras variables sobre las complicaciones infecciosas posquirúrgicas en pacientes con bacteriuria asintomática (BA) sometidos a cirugía urológica. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional de una cohorte de pacientes con BA programados para cirugía urológica en tres instituciones de salud en Colombia. La población de estudio comprendió a todos los pacientes programados para cirugía urológica y con BA en el periodo de Abril del 2018 a Enero 2019. La intervención evaluada fue la duración de la PAQ preoperatoria, y la variable de resultado fue el desarrollo de cualquier complicación infecciosa posoperatoria hasta 30 días después del procedimiento. Resultados El estudio incluyó a 184 pacientes con BA programados para cirugía urológica. La mediana de duración de la PAQ preoperatoria (p = 0,49) o 1 dosis de PAQ (razón de riesgo [RR]: 1,24; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 0,45 a 3,39) no fueron estadísticamente diferentes en pacientes con complicaciones infecciosas posquirúrgicas. Las complicaciones infecciosas fueron más frecuentes entre los pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna (RR: 6,57; IC del 95%: 1,98 a 21,76) y hospitalización en los 3 meses anteriores (RR: 8,32; IC del 95%: 2,69 a 25,71). Conclusión Una dosis de terapia antimicrobiana es suficiente para evitar complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes con BA. Hubo otros factores asociados con complicaciones infecciosas posquirúrgicas, como hiperplasia prostática benigna y hospitalización en los tres meses anteriores.

Perfil de farmacorresistencia microbiana en adultos con infección del tracto urinario en una población de Pichincha-Ecuador / Microbial drug resistance profile in adults with urinary tract infection in a population of Pichincha-Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las infecciones del tracto urinario son causa de mayor morbilidad en la población adulta y afectan con frecuencia a la mujer. Al ser un problema prevalente, fue fundamental realizar estudios sobre perfiles de susceptibilidad locales para establecer medidas de vigilancia y control de uso de antibióticos. OBJETIVO. Determinar el perfil de farmacorresistencia microbiana en adultos con infección del tracto urinario. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, transversal. La población fue de 437 urocultivos y una muestra de 176 positivos con su antibiograma, realizados en el laboratorio del Hospital Básico de Sangolquí entre enero de 2017 hasta abril de 2018. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes mayores de 15 años de edad de ambos sexos, ambulatorios y hospitalizados, que presentaron urocultivos positivos definidos por una cuenta mayor a 100 000 Unidades Formadoras de Colonia. RESULTADOS. Del 40,27% (176; 437) de urocultivos positivos, la bacteria aislada con frecuencia fue Escherichia coli. 69,31% (122; 176), con resistencia a ampicilina 77,97% (92; 118), trimetropim-sulfametoxazole 62,26% (66; 106), norfloxacino 37,50% (42; 112), ciprofloxacino 35,65 % (41; 115), ampicilina/sulbactam 32,20% (38; 118) y con susceptibilidad a: fosfomicina, ceftriaxona, amikacina y nitrofurantoina. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó el perfil de farmacorresistencia microbiana en adultos con infección del tracto urinario; donde Escherichia coli. fue aislada con frecuencia, con susceptibilidad favorable para nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina.

INTRODUCTION. Urinary tract infections are the cause of greater morbidity in the adult population and it often affects women. As it is a prevalent problem, it was essential to carry out studies on local susceptibility profiles to establish surveillance measures and control of antibiotic use. OBJECTIVE. To determine the microbial drug resistance profile in adults with urinary tract infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The population was 437 urine cultures and a sample of 176 positive with their antibiogram, carried out in the laboratory of the Hospital Básico de Sangolquí between january 2017 and april 2018. Inclusion criteria were: patients older than 15 years of age of both sexes, ambulatory and hospitalized, who presented positive urine cultures defined by a count greater than 100 000 Colony Forming Units. RESULTS. Of the 40,27% (176; 437) of positive urine cultures, the bacterium frequently isolated was Escherichia coli. 69,31% (122; 176), with resistance to ampicillin 77,97% (92; 118), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 62,26% (66; 106), norfloxacin 37,50% (42; 112), ciprofloxacin 35,65% (41; 115), ampicillin / sulbactam 32,20% (38; 118) and with susceptibility to: fosfomycin, ceftriaxone, amikacin and nitrofurantoin. CONCLUSION. The microbial drug resistance profile was determined in adults with urinary tract infection; where Escherichia coli. was frequently isolated, with favorable susceptibility to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin.

Prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: Significant bacteriuria is commonly reported in pregnancy which greatly predisposes pregnant women to urinary tract infection (UTI), one of the commonest health challenges in pregnancy worldwide especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as determine the bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Methodology: This is a laboratory-based cross-sectional study of 206 pregnant women between the ages of 15 and 47 years attending the ANC of the hospital, selected by simple random sampling method. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the subjects using a structured questionnaire. Clean-catch specimen of mid-stream voided urine was collected from each subject participant. Urine samples were processed for culture and isolation of significant bacterial pathogens using standard bacteriological methods, and isolates identified to species level by the combination of colony morphology, Gram reaction, conventional biochemical tests and Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E test kits. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates to selected antibiotics was performed using the disk diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of significant bacteriuria in the study population was 8.7% (18/206), with 27.8% (5/18) symptomatic and 72.2% (13/18) asymptomatic. All isolated bacteria were Gram-negative with the most frequent being Escherichia coli 9 (50.0%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (33.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 (5.6%), Acinetobacter haemolyticus 1 (5.6%) and Enterobacter aerogenes 1 (5.6%). The isolates were most sensitive to gentamicin (100%) and nitrofurantoin (94.4%), while they demonstrated highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (33.3%). Significant bacteriuria was associated with pyuria (p=0.01) and past history of UTI (p=0.004). Conclusions: The high prevalence of asymptomatic significant bacteriuria in this study necessitates the need for screening and treatment of pregnant women for this entity to prevent the subsequent development of UTI that may have grave consequences on pregnancy outcome.

Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to urodynamic study in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Is there an indication?

ABSTRACT Study design: Retrospective cohort of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) that have been hospitalized for physical-functional rehabilitation purposes. Objectives: To compare the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) after urodynamic study (UDS) in three hospitals that adopted different protocols with regard to the preparation of patients. Setting: Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brazil. Materials and Methods: Between 2014 and 2015, 661 patients from three units of the same hospital network, one of which does not use antimicrobial prophylaxis independently of urine culture results, were evaluated after having undergone UDS. The results were compared in both univariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression). Results: The global rate of UTI after UDS was that of 3.18% (IC 95% 2.1-4.8), with no differences between the units. In the univariate analysis the only variable that was associated with UTI after UDS was that of T6 injuries or above (P = 0.029). The logistic regression has confirmed this result, with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.06 (IC 95% 1.01 to 9.26; P = 0.0476). The use of antimicrobial prophylaxis did not alter that risk. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that the use of antimicrobials does not prevent UTI after UDS. Patients with T6 traumatic SCI or above have got three times more chance of developing UTI after UDS if compared to those with a T7 injury or below, independently of the use of antimicrobials. Even in these patients the use of antimicrobials would not be justified.

Bacteriúria assintomática na gravidez de baixo risco ­ qual a evidência do seu tratamento? / Asymptomatic bacteriuria in low-risk pregnancy - what is the evidence of its treatment? / Bacteriuria asintomática en el embarazo de bajo riesgo ­ ¿cuál es la evidencia de su tratamiento?

A bacteriúria assintomática (BUA) tem estado associada a aumento do risco de pielonefrite materna e parto pré-termo. As normas de orientação clínica internacionais recomendam a sua pesquisa e tratamento durante a gravidez. No entanto, os benefícios e riscos da sua pesquisa e tratamento não são consensuais. Esta revisão tem por objetivo analisar a evidência disponível quanto à influência do tratamento da BUA na morbimortalidade materna e fetal. Os autores realizaram pesquisa na base de dados MEDLINE e sites de Medicina Baseada na Evidência, de revisões baseadas na evidência, normas de orientação clínica, meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos controlados e aleatorizados, utilizando os termos MeSH: Bacteriuria e Pregnancy, de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2008 e maio de 2018, em Inglês, Francês, Espanhol e Português. Para avaliação dos níveis de evidência e atribuição de forças de recomendação, foi utilizada a escala Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) da American Family Physician. Foram identificados 136 artigos, dos quais 10 cumpriam critérios de inclusão. A evidência existente, maioria baseada em estudos antigos com importantes limitações metodológicas, não permite concluir de forma clara se o tratamento da BUA influencia positivamente a morbimortalidade materna e fetal, no entanto dados recentes apontam para ausência de benefício com o tratamento da BUA em gravidezes únicas de baixo risco (Força de recomendação B), o que questiona a prática clínica corrente. Para colmatar as limitações dos estudos encontrados, são necessários estudos controlados, aleatorizados, de elevada qualidade e maior dimensão que avaliem a influência do tratamento da BUA na morbimortalidade materna e fetal.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) has been associated with an increased risk of maternal pyelonephritis (PN) and preterm birth (PTB). International clinical guidelines recommend its research and treatment during pregnancy. However, the benefit and risk of screening and treating ASB is not consensual, and this review intends to analyze the available evidence regarding the influence of ASB treatment on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. We search on MEDLINE database and Evidence-Based Medicine sites of evidence-based reviews, clinical guidelines, meta-analysis, systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials, using the MeSH terms "Bacteriuria AND Pregnancy", of articles published between January 2008 and May 2018, in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) scale of the American Family Physician was used to assess the levels of evidence and assignment of recommendation forces. We identified 136 articles, of which ten met the inclusion criteria. The existing evidence, mostly based on outdated or small and with methodological shortcomings clinical trials, does not allow a clear conclusion as to whether the treatment of ASB positively influences maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; the most recent data effectively points to a lack of benefit with ASB treatment (SOR B). To address the limitations of the studies found, controlled, randomized, higher quality and larger studies are needed to assess the influence of ASB treatment on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

La bacteriuria asintomática (BUA) se ha asociado a un aumento del riesgo de pielonefritis materna y parto prematuro. Las pautas en general recomiendan la detección y tratamiento de BUA en el embarazo. Sin embargo, el beneficio y riesgo de la detección y tratamiento de la BUA no son consensuales, y esta revisión pretende analizar la evidencia disponible sobre la influencia del tratamiento de la BUA en la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal. Buscamos en la base de datos MEDLINE y en los sitios de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia, de revisiones basadas en la evidencia, guías clínicas, metanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas y ensayos controlados aleatorios, utilizando los términos MeSH "Bacteriuria Y Embarazo", de artículos publicados entre enero 2008 y mayo de 2018, en inglés, francés, español y portugués. Para la evaluación de los niveles de evidencia y asignación de fuerzas de recomendación, se utilizó la escala Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) de la American Family Physician. Se identificaron 136 artículos, de los cuales 10 cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La evidencia existente, basada principalmente en ensayos clínicos obsoletos o pequeños y con deficiencias metodológicas, no permite una conclusión clara sobre si el tratamiento de la BUA influye positivamente la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal; los datos más recientes apuntan a una falta de beneficio con el tratamiento de la BUA (SOR B). Para colmar las limitaciones de los estudios encontrados se necesitan estudios controlados, aleatorizados, de mayor calidad y tamaño para evaluar la influencia del tratamiento de la BUA en la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y fetal.

Should a Urinary Tract Infection Be Treated before a Total Joint Arthroplasty? / 대한고관절학회지

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most serious complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) is common, particularly among elderly women, a group for whom TJA may be required. The association between preoperative UTI and increased risk of PJI after TJA is unclear. We reviewed key articles concerning the relationship between UTIs and PJI, and summarized recommendations of international consensus on PJI, which was established in Philadelphia in July of 2018. In addition, we distinguish between symptomatic UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria, because their causative effects on PJI are quite different.

Evaluación de la eficacia de fosfomicina trometamol y gentamicina en la profilaxis de la cistoscopia flexible tras el estudio de los patógenos de nuestro entorno / Evaluation of the Efficacy of Fosfomycin Trometamol and Gentamicin in the Prophylaxis of Flexible Cystoscopy after the Study of Microflora in our Environment

Objetivo Optimizar el uso de antibióticos en la profilaxis de la cistoscopia flexible estudiando los patógenos más frecuentes de nuestro entorno y eligiendo el antibiótico según sus antibiogramas. Métodos Desde Enero del 2015 hasta Noviembre del 2015, se analizaron los urinocultivos de nuestra área, se eligió el antibiótico en función a su sensibilidad frente a los patógenos más frecuentes y se comparó con un antibiótico de amplio espectro. Desde Enero del 2016 hasta Diciembre del 2016, se realizaron las cistoscopias agrupando a los pacientes en: Grupo 1: Pacientes sin profilaxis; Grupo 2: Profilaxis con Gentamicina 240 mg; Grupo 3: Profilaxis con antibiótico seleccionado. Como variables principales se definieron la presencia de bacteriuria asintomática e ITU tras la realización de la cistoscopia flexible. Resultados Se analizaron 8.530 urinocultivos y se eligió la Fosfomicina Trometamol 3 gr como profilaxis. Se realizaron 244 cistoscopias distribuidas: Grupo 1: 86 (35%); Grupo 2: 72 (30%); Grupo 3: 86 (35%). Se detectó bacteriuria asintomática postcistoscopia en 6 pacientes (2,5%) en el Grupo 1, 7 pacientes (2,9%) en el grupo 2 y 5 pacientes (2%) en el grupo 3 no presentando diferencias significativas (p 0.120). Desarrollaron ITUs postcistoscopia 1 paciente (0,4%) en el Grupo 1, 5 pacientes (2%) en el Grupo 2 y 2 pacientes (0,8%) en el Grupo 3 sin diferencias significativas (p 0.105). Conclusión La Fosfomicina es tan efectiva como la Gentamicina en la profilaxis de la cistoscopia. Para un uso correcto de los antibióticos, se recomienda el estudio de los patógenos de nuestro entorno.

Objective To optimize the use of antibiotics in the prophylaxis of flexible cystoscopy by studying the most frequent pathogens in our environment and choosing the antibiotic according to its antibiograms. Method Between January 2015 and November 2015, urine cultures were analyzed in our area, the antibiotic was chosen based on its sensitivity to the most frequent pathogens and compared with a broad spectrum antibiotic. From January 2016 to December 2016, cystoscopy was performed by grouping patients into: Group 1 - Patients without prophylaxis, Group 2 - Prophylaxis with 240 mg gentamicin, Group 3 - Selected antibiotic prophylaxis. The main variables were the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and UTI after flexible cystoscopy. Results 8530 urine cultures were analyzed and 3 g of fosfomycin trometamol was chosen as the prophylactic. There were 244 cystoscopies: Group 1: 86 (35%); Group 2: 72 (30%); Group 3: 86 (35%). Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 6 patients (2.5%) in Group 1, 7 patients (2.9%) in Group 2 and 5 patients (2%) in Group 3, showing no significant differences (p = 0.120). Post-cystoscopic urinary tract infection developed in 1 patient (0.4%) in Group 1, 5 patients (2%) in Group 2 and 2 patients (0.8%) in Group 3, which showed no significant differences (p 0.105). Conclusion Fosfomycin is as effective as Gentamicin as a prophylactic in cystoscopy. The study of the pathogens in each environment is recommended to correctly prescribe the antibiotic.

Infecciones del tracto urinario en pacientes con diabetes. Parte 1 / Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes. Part 1

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) son frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Existen factores patogénicos que modulan el riesgo de su aparición que dependen del germen responsable y el huésped. La diabetes mellitus es un factor predisponente para la aparición de infecciones urinarias. Como factores de riesgo para estas infecciones se mencionan la mayor duración de la diabetes, la albuminuria y neuropatía con menor vaciamiento vesical, siendo controversial la presencia de glucosuria. Según su ubicación en el árbol urinario pueden ser bajas y altas, y de acuerdo a la severidad, complicadas o no. La bacteriuria asintomática, detectada por análisis rutinario, es más frecuente en mujeres con diabetes. La elección del esquema antibiótico en las infecciones urinarias se basa en la severidad de la infección, el antecedente de microorganismos resistentes y la sensibilidad en el antibiograma, recordando ajustar la dosis de acuerdo al grado de insuficiencia renal. En este trabajo nuestro objetivo es describir las características clínicas y el diagnóstico para un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in daily medical practice. There are pathogenic factors that modulate the risk of their onset depending on the responsible germ and host. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for developing urinary infections. The longest duration of diabetes, albuminuria and neuropathy with less bladder emptying are mentioned as risk factors for these infections, being controversial the presence of glycosuria. Depending on their location in the urinary tract, infections can be lower and upper tract infections, and according to severity, complicated or not. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, detected by routine urinalysis, is more frequent in women with diabetes. The choice of the antibiotic scheme in urinary tract infections is based on the severity of the infection, history of resistant microorganisms and sensitivity in the antibiogram, adjusting the dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency. The aim of our work is to describe the clinical characteristics and diagnosis for an adequate antibiotic treatment

Bacteriuria asintomática en pacientes con diabetes / Asythomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes

La bacteriuria asintomática (BA) se descubre con frecuencia en forma incidental mediante la realización rutinaria de análisis de orina. La prevalencia es tres a cuatro veces mayor en las pacientes con diabetes. Los factores de riesgo son la mayor duración de la diabetes, neuropatía periférica, macroalbuminuria, menor índice de masa corporal y un evento de infección urinaria del tractor urinario (ITU) previo. El diagnóstico de BA es el aislamiento de una cantidad especificada de colonias de una bacteria en muestras de orina, de un individuo sin signos o síntomas de ITU. La Escherichia coli y bacterias gram negativas son las más frecuentes. Se sugiere no tratar la BA en mujeres diabéticas con buen control metabólico, independientemente de la aparición de piuria. No debería hacerse pesquisa de bacteriuria ni tratamiento en pacientes diabéticos asintomáticos con buen control metabólico, excepto en embarazadas, con procedimientos urológicos y receptores de trasplante renal

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) is often discovered incidentally by performing routine urinalysis. The prevalence is three to four times higher in patients with diabetes. The risk factors are the longer duration of diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, macroalbuminuria, lower body mass index and a previous urinary tract infection (UTI) event. The diagnosis of AB is the isolation of a specified number of colonies of a bacterium in urine samples from an individual without signs or symptoms of UTI. Escherichia coli and gram-negative bacteria are the most frequent. It is suggested not to treat AB in women with diabetes with good metabolic control, regardless of pyuria onset. Bacteriuria and treatment should not be studied in asymptomatic diabetic patients with good metabolic control, except pregnant women, with urological procedures and kidney transplant recipients

Asymptomatic urinary tract infection by proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Background: Proteus mirabilis is thought to contribute inrheumatoid arthritis (RA) development in susceptible individuals through molecular mimicry mechanism. This study was detecting the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) caused by Proteus mirabilis in RA patients to shed light on its rule in RA pathogenesis.Methods: This work has been conducted in medical Microbiology and Immunology Department and Rheumatology and Rehabitilation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, during the period from May 2017 to May 2018 over a period of 12 months. This study is a case control included 70 RA patients (66 females and 4 males), with age ranged from 25 to 65 years, and 70 healthy controls (67 females and 3 males), with age ranged from 24 to 65 years. Two consecutive urine samples one week interval were collected from each participant for urine count and culture. Blood samples were collected from each participant for detection the level of IgG antibodies against both Proteus mirabilis and E. coli (the most frequent isolated organism from the RA urine) by homely prepared ELISA. Results: The ABU was detected in (40%) of RA patients and in (4.3%) of healthy controls. The most common isolated organisms were E. coli (50%) followed by Proteus mirabilis (25%). A significant difference between both studied groups regarding IgG antibodies levels against Proteus mirabilis was detected (P< 0.001). No significant difference was observed between both studied groups regarding IgG antibodies levels against E. coli (P= 0.902). Significant positive correlation was found between Proteus mirabilis IgG antibodies levels and the levels of ESR and CRP in RA patients. In conclusion: Proteus mirabilis seems to have a role in RA development

Infecciones del tracto urinario en pacientes con diabetes. Parte 2 / Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes. Part 2

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) son frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Existen factores patogénicos que modulan el riesgo de su aparición que dependen del germen responsable y el huésped. La diabetes mellitus es un factor predisponente para la aparición de infecciones urinarias. Como factores de riesgo para estas infecciones se mencionan la mayor duración de la diabetes, la albuminuria y neuropatía con menor vaciamiento vesical, siendo controversial la presencia de glucosuria. Según su ubicación en el árbol urinario pueden ser bajas y altas, y de acuerdo a la severidad, complicada o no. La bacteriuria asintomática, detectada por análisis rutinario, es más frecuente en mujeres con diabetes. La elección del esquema antibiótico en las infecciones urinarias se basa en la severidad de la infección, el antecedente de microorganismos resistentes y la sensibilidad en el antibiograma, recordando ajustar la dosis de acuerdo al grado de insuficiencia renal. En este trabajo nuestro objetivo es describir las características clínicas y el diagnóstico para un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in daily medical practice. There are pathogenic factors that modulate the risk of their onset depending on the responsible germ and host. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for developing urinary infections. The longest duration of diabetes, albuminuria and neuropathy with less bladder emptying are mentioned as risk factors for these infections, being controversial the presence of glycosuria. Depending on their location in the urinary tract, infections can be lower and upper tract infections, and according to severity, complicated or not. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, detected by routine urinalysis, is more frequent in women with diabetes. The choice of the antibiotic scheme in urinary tract infections is based on the severity of the infection, history of resistant microorganisms and sensitivity in the antibiogram, adjusting the dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency. The aim of our work is to describe the clinical characteristics and diagnosis for an adequate antibiotic treatment

Biochemical and bacteriological profiles of asymptomatic bacteriuria among school children in Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in children is a predisposing factor to symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) that may be complicated by blood stream infections if not appropriately treated with resultant mortality or morbidity. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of ASB, and evaluate both biochemical and bacteriological characteristics of urine samples of primary school pupils in Ago-Iwoye, Ijebu North Local Government Area (LGA), Ogun State, Nigeria. Methodology: Three hundred and seventy-two (186 males and 186 females) apparently healthy (asymptomatic) pupils aged 2-16 years from four randomly selected primary schools in the LGA were screened for ASB. Clean catch specimen of midstream urine was collected from each subject. Biochemical analysis of the urine was performed with Combi 10 reagent strip. MacConkey and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar plates were inoculated with calibrated wireloop delivering 0.01 ml of urine for aerobic culture at 37oC for 24 hours. Identification of significant bacteria on culture plates was done using conventional biochemical tests. Results: The frequency of clear, slightly turbid and turbid urine were 31 (8.3%), 99 (26.6%) and 56 (15.1%) respectively. All analyzed urine samples were alkaline and negative for ketone, glucose and blood, but contained protein in 230 (61.8%), bilirubin in 184 (49.5%), nitrites in 64 (17.2%) and urobilinogen in 14 (3.7%) subjects. The prevalence of significant bacteriuria was 11.8% (44 of 372) with 7.0% in males and 16.7% in females (p = 0.0063). The frequency of bacteria isolated in descending order were Escherichia coli 61.4%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 61.4%, Staphylococcus aureus 45.5%, Bacillus subtilis 45.5%, Enterococcus faecalis 43.2%, Enterobacter spp 36.4%, Serratia marscencen 31.8%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 22.7%, Proteus mirabilis 22.7% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20.5%. Conclusion: This result highlights the presence of significant bacteriuria among apparently healthy pupils in the study area, with higher prevalence in the female pupils. The apparent risk of developing symptomatic UTI with the attendant complications in these pupils should spur preventive education of parents/guardians and the general populace about this entity

Correlation between Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Surgical Site Infection in Middle-aged and Elderly Patients Undergoing Open Hysterectomy / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the correlation between asymptomatic bacteriuria(AB)and surgical site infection(SSI)in middle-aged and elderly women undergoing open hysterectomy.Methods The clinical data of 1469 middle-aged and elderly women undergoing open hysterectomy in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from June 2011 to August 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Factors associated with SSI after operation were analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression models to identify the relationship of AB with SSI after open hysterectomy.Results Of these 1469 patients,101(6.88%)had SSI and 124 had AB[including 14 patients(11.29%)with infections].In addition,1345 patients had no AB,among whom 87(6.47%)had infections.Thus,the infection rate in patients with AB was significantly higher than that in patients without AB(=4.123,=0.042).Univariate analysis showed AB,history of diabetes mellitus,surgical procedure,length of stay(>15 d),season(summer and autumn),body mass index(≥25 kg/m ),nature of lesions(malignant tumors),ASA grade(>grade Ⅱ),incision length(≥10 cm),and operative time(≥3 h),bleeding volume(≥1000 ml),serum albumin concentration(grade Ⅱ)were risk factors for SSI in these patients(all <0.05). Conclusions AB is one of the risk factors for SSI in middle-aged and elderly women undergoing open hysterectomy.Screening and treatment of AB before surgery can reduce the risk of SSI.ASA grading shall be performed before surgery before corresponding preparation was offered.Effective control of blood glucose,improved surgical skills,and shorter operative time are helpful for lowering postoperative SSI.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Antibiotic Treatment of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infectious diseases that commonly occur in communities. Although several international guidelines for the management of UTIs have been available, clinical characteristics, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns may differ from country to country. This work represents an update of the 2011 Korean guideline for UTIs. The current guideline was developed by the update and adaptation method. This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTIs, including asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute uncomplicated cystitis, acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, complicated pyelonephritis related to urinary tract obstruction, and acute bacterial prostatitis. This guideline targets community-acquired UTIs occurring among adult patients. Healthcare-associated UTIs, catheter-associated UTIs, and infections in immunocompromised patients were not included in this guideline.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Antibiotic Treatment of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infectious diseases that commonly occur in communities. Although several international guidelines for the management of UTIs have been available, clinical characteristics, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns may differ from country to country. This work represents an update of the 2011 Korean guideline for UTIs. The current guideline was developed by the update and adaptation method. This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTIs, including asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute uncomplicated cystitis, acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, complicated pyelonephritis related to urinary tract obstruction, and acute bacterial prostatitis. This guideline targets community-acquired UTIs occurring among adult patients. Healthcare-associated UTIs, catheter-associated UTIs, and infections in immunocompromised patients were not included in this guideline.

Infección Urinaria en Pacientes con Lesión Medular / Urinary Infection in Patients with Spinal Cord Lesion

La micción es un proceso complejo, que requiere la coordinación entre el sistema nervioso central y periférico. La alteración en ése, aumenta el riesgo para que se produzcan infecciones complicadas y a largo plazo, daño renal. La alteración en el vaciado de la vejiga, obliga a que muchos de esos pacientes, realicen cateterismos intermitentes o sonda vesical permanente, aumentando el riesgo de infecciones polimicrobianas o por gérmenes multiresistentes. Algunos factores implicados en el desarrollo de las infecciones de esos pacientes, son el residuo postmiccional elevado, estasis urinario, litiasis vesical, uso de catéteres, además de las alteraciones en el sistema inmune y las capas de recubrimiento en la mucosa vesical. El diagnóstico de infección se realiza al encontrar: piuria y bacteriuria, según método de vaciado vesical, y un síntoma general que sugiera infección. Conclusión: Las infecciones urinarias en pacientes con lesión medular, deben ser tratadas de acuerdo a sensibilidades de la zona, siempre con la toma previa de un urocultivo y con un diagnóstico adecuado de infección urinaria, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes maniobras de evacuación de la vejiga. No están recomendados los tratamientos cortos ni el tratamiento de las bacteriurias asintomáticas. Una de las formas de prevenir las infecciones, está en evitar situaciones de riesgo como el estasis vesical, las presiones intravesicales elevadas y los vaciamientos incompletos. En la actualidad existen múltiples medicamentos para prevenir las infecciones urinarias, pero faltan estudios con evidencia de más peso y en pacientes con lesión medular, para que puedan ser recomendados.

Urination is a complex process, requiring coordination between the central and peripheral nervous system. The alteration in this, increases the risk for complicated infections and long-term kidney damage. The alteration in the emptying of the bladder, causes many of these patients to perform intermittent catheterization or permanent bladder catheterization, increasing the risk of polymicrobial infections or multiresistant germs. Some factors involved in the development of infections of these patients are high postvoiding, urinary stasis, vesical lithiasis, use of catheters, as well as alterations in the immune system and the layers of lining in the bladder mucosa. The diagnosis of infection is made on finding: pyuria and bacteriuria, according to the method of bladder emptying, and a general symptom that suggests infection. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury should be treated according to the sensitivity of the area, always with prior urine collection and an adequate diagnosis of urinary tract infection, taking into account the different maneuvers of bladder evacuation. Short treatments and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria are not recommended. One way to prevent infections is to avoid risky situations such as bladder stasis, elevated intravesical pressures and incomplete emptying. At the moment there are multiple drugs to prevent urinary tract infections, but there are no studies with evidence of heaviest weight and in patients with spinal cord injury, so that they can be recommended.

Patógenos e complicações associadas a infecções do trato urinário no período gestacional / Pathogens and complications associated with urinary tract infections in the gestational period

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento de documentos na literatura científica, identificando os principais sintomas e complicações da ITU no período gestacional bem como analisar as classes microbiológicas envolvidas. Fontes de dados: Análise de artigos publicados na literatura nacional e internacional indexados no PubMed e Scielo. Seleção dos estudos: Foram analisados 30 artigos, entre os anos de 2007 a 2017. Os critérios de inclusão: artigos completos disponíveis online, em português ou inglês, que abordassem o tema. Os critérios de exclusão: artigos incompletos, dissertações ou teses sem a publicação do artigo, livros e apostilas. Coleta de dados: Após a leitura de 30 artigos, 15 foram selecionados para o estudo, sendo 80% de estudo transversal, 13,3% de estudo retrospectivo e 6,6%, revisão de literatura. Síntese de dados: Dos artigos analisados, bacteriúria assintomática foi a infecção mais relatada; em seguida, pielonefrite e cistite. A sintomatologia foi variada, a presença de disúria, urgência miccional e polaciúria foram os sintomas relatados na maioria dos estudos. As complicações observadas: parto prematuro, baixo peso do recém-nascido e complicações infecciosas pós-parto. O microrganismo mais prevalente nos estudos foi Escherichia coli com, aproximadamente, 85% dos casos. Conclusões: Este trabalho evidenciou elevada importância do tema pela grande incidência na população de estudo e os riscos gerados à saúde da mulher e do feto.(AU)

Objective: The goal of the study was to carry out a survey of scientific literature documents, identifying both the main symptoms and complications of ITU during the gestation period and analyze microbiological classes involved. Data Source: Analysis of articles published on national literature and international literature indexed on (PubMed and Scielo). Studies Selection: 30 articles were analyzed, between 2007 and 2017. The inclusion criteria were: Complete articles available online, in Portuguese or English that approached the theme. The exclusion criteria were: incomplete articles, dissertations or theses without the publication of the article, books and workbooks. Data Gathering: After reading the 30 articles, 15 were selected for the study, 80% in cross-section study, 13,3% in being retrospective study and 6,6% being literature reviews. Data Summary: From the analyzed articles, asymptomatic bacteriuria was the most reported infection being followed by pyelonephritis and cystitis. The symptomatology was diverse, presented by dysuria, mictional urgency and polaciuria were the symptomns reported in most articles. The complications observed were premature delivery, low weight from the newborn and postpartum infectious complications. The most prevailing in the studies microorganism was Escherichia coli, with approximately 85% of the cases. Conclusion: This work highlighted the high importance of the theme, by its great occurrence among the population from the state and the risks caused to the unborn baby and woman's health.(AU)

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria among diabetic patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria in a secondary health facility in Edo State, Nigeria

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) can increase the risk for developing symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and diabetes mellitus is one of the high risk medical condition for ASB. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in diabetic patients attending Central Hospital, Benin City. The descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted for this study, while data was obtained with the use of a structured questionnaire administered on 695 consented diabetic patients. Statistical analysis was done using the statistical software INSTAT� (Graph Pad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Mid-stream urine samples were aseptically collected from these patients, processed and analysed using standard techniques. Identification of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. ESBL-producers were detected using appropriate phenotypic method. A total of 253(36.4%) patients were culture positive with Escherichia coli being the most predominant organism (37.5%). Proteus mirabilis was the highest ESBL producer and was statistically significant (50.0%) (p=0.0095). Uncontrolled glycaemia was associated with ESBL-production among bacterial isolates (P=0.0129). Age, gender and source of clinical isolates did not significantly affect ESBL production by the isolated uropathogenic bacteria (P >0.05).The prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria among diabetic patients having ASB was 36.8%. Adherence to proper and effective antimicrobial regimen and laboratory guidance in treatment of ASB among diabetic patients are recommended